El Ministerio de Cultura de Colombia declaró como patrimonios culturales nacionales a San Basilio de Palenque, al palabrero Wayuú y a los Nukak Makú. Es la primera vez que con base en la ley 397 de 1997 se hace esta declaratoria con expresiones del patrimonio inmaterial colombiano. Dos de las expresiones corresponden a la cultura del Caribe Colombiano.

 

La primera declaratoria, por una vía distinta, la del Congreso de la República, se hizo con el carnaval de Barranquilla. Se trata de una medida trascendental. La declaratoria de estas expresiones como bienes de interés cultural, basadas en la ley 397 de 1997, reviste una importancia desacostumbrada, ya que permiten garantizar su protección con base en el establecimiento claro de las características esenciales y propician que se generan responsabilidades sobre ellas. La ley obliga a que tales expresiones patrimoniales salvaguardadas sean objetos de planes de protección.

 

La declaratoria puede asociarse a la obtención de recursos, pero también a la realización de gestión, pues muchas veces la expresión declarada como patrimonio sólo requiere de gestión. "No necesariamente debe asociarse a dinero", dijo una fuente del ministerio, "aunque desde luego, en ese aspecto también se abren posibilidades". En términos de apoyo financiero, se puede acudir en forma preferente a los recursos por Iva a la telefonía móvil o a las estampillas pro-cultura, así como a la búsqueda de apoyo del sector privado. Igualmente tal declaratoria facilita el acceso a recursos económicos de carácter internacional.

 

Tales expresiones deben ser objetos de un plan especial de protección. Dicho plan, en el que intervienen las comunidades, debe hacer una identificación clara de la expresión; es decir, fijar qué es y qué se va a salvaguardar.

 

A Weildler Guerra, actual director del Observatorio del Caribe colombiano, le correspondió hacer la presentación del tema del palabrero Wayuú ante el ministerio. Guerra conceptuó que la figura del palabrero implica un reconocimiento de la experiencia y los saberes de los pueblos indígenas en el campo de la política, así como la existencia de fórmulas novedosas para la búsqueda de la paz.

 

"El palabrero es una respuesta que surge de una historia particular, como una creación gestada a lo largo de siglos de guerras y conflictos prehispánicos, coloniales y republicanos", precisa Guerra, y añade que el palabrero es "portador de una visión no patológica de las desavenencias humanas", en cuanto formula una concepción de justicia restitutiva y no de punición.

 

La valoración del palabrero permite el reconocimiento de las memorias histórico-territoriales, de las ecologías políticas, de las biografías de los paisajes y en general de las formas de vida social inscritas en la conciencia de los grupos particulares, ensancha el horizonte del horizonte del pensamiento humano, incorpora formas no civilizadas de resolver conflictos, es decir formas no constreñidas por el pensamiento utópico que marca la modernidad, por sus normas programáticas de organización social, espacial y política, y posee un alto valor histórico, etnográfico, lingüístico, jurídico y político.

 

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