Por Natalia Osorio Restrepo

El yagé o ayahuasca es uno de los principales elementos de la medicina tradicional de las comunidades indígenas de la cuenca Amazónica que comparten Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y Brasil. Es preparado con la mezcla de dos o más plantas, cuya base principal es la Banisteriopsis caapi[1].

El convenio 169 de la OIT, que ha sido ratificado por estos cuatro países, establece que los servicios de salud en las comunidades indígenas deberán prestarse “teniendo en cuenta sus prácticas curativas y medicamentos tradicionales”. En Colombia, el uso del yagé en las comunidades indígenas está amparado por el enfoque diferencial del derecho a la salud, que de acuerdo con jurisprudencia reiterada de la Corte Constitucional, implica prerrogativas tales como “producir y emplear sus propias medicinas”[2].

Este enfoque diferencial del derecho a la salud está ligado al derecho a la identidad cultural de las comunidades indígenas, que para la Corte Constitucional de Colombia comprende, entre otros, “el emplear y producir sus medicinas tradicionales y conservar sus plantas, animales y minerales medicinales”[3].

Esta prerrogativa implica además una excepción a las normas colombianas e internacionales sobre, por ejemplo, el cultivo de la hoja coca y permite que las normas sobre el porte y consumo de estupefacientes y alucinógenos no sean aplicables al uso de la medicina tradicional practicada en el marco cultural de una comunidad indígena, ya sea dentro o por fuera de su territorio.

De aquí que la denuncia presentada por el pueblo Kofán en contra de la organización Ayahuasca Internacional, Inner Mastery International S.L y el señor Alberto José Varela tenga implicaciones que van más allá de una controversia sobre la capacidad técnica de esta organización y su líder para  orientar el uso del Yagé.

En el fondo se mezcla un debate sobre la propiedad intelectual del yagé, los beneficios económicos que el turismo del yagé trae para las comunidades y finalmente un aparente vacío legal sobre el uso y comercialización del yagé por parte de quienes no son indígenas.

El yagé como droga

El Yagé contiene en general dos sustancias químicas, la tetrahidroharmina presente en la B. Caapi y la dimetiltriptamina –DMT- presente en la planta Psychotria viridis. Las plantas al combinarse permiten que el cuerpo asimile el DMT produciendo los efectos alucinógenos. [4]

El DMT es una de las sustancias incluidas en la lista I de los tratados de fiscalización internacional de drogas[5], haciendo ilegal su posesión, tráfico o prescripción.

Como se explicó anteriormente el uso del yagé (independientemente de su porcentaje de DMT) ha estado permitido por la protección cultural a las comunidades indígenas, y más recientemente los gobiernos de Brasil  (1987) y Estados Unidos (2005)[6]  han permitido el uso del yagé en las prácticas religiosas de las iglesias sincréticas brasileras como parte del derecho a la libertad de cultos. Sin embargo, su uso medicinal o espiritual por fuera de estas casos específicos aún no es claro.

 De acuerdo con información publicada en internet por diferentes entidades que promueven el uso de la ayahuasca (yagé), aunque el DMT es una sustancia controlada, las plantas que la contienen no se encuentran prohibidas a nivel internacional y su uso es legal salvo que se encuentre específicamente prohibida. A pesar de esto, en varios países se han producido capturas como la ocurrida en España en el año 2009 al señor Alberto Varela, sin que al parecer los casos hayan terminado en condenas.

En el caso de Colombia, las autoridades indígenas han tratado de regular la situación mediante la expedición de certificados a los centros médicos y la expedición de documentos para identificar a los médicos tradicionales, amparados por los derechos constitucionales a la identidad cultural y la salud que les permite prestar los servicios de medicina tradicional y constituir ESEs indígenas. Documentos que normalmente son aceptados por las autoridades colombianas, como la Policía, para permitir el uso, y transporte del yagé o de la hoja de coca[7] en el marco de este uso permitido.

 A raíz de la denuncia presentada por las autoridades del pueblo Kofán contra Ayahuasca Internacional, Inner Mastery International S.L y el señor Alberto José Varela, surge la pregunta de si en algunos casos se ha usado esta competencia para expedir certificados a personas no indígenas y si la expedición de este tipo de certificados excede estas competencias.

Actualidad Étnica tuvo acceso a las cartas que presuntamente expidió el Taita Querubín Queta en las que se autoriza a Alberto José Varela a trabajar y transportar el yagé a otros países en el año 2007 y una más reciente expedida en el 2014 que amplía la autorización al equipo de Ayahuasca Internacional e Inner Mastery International S.L.

No estamos en la capacidad de verificar la autenticidad de estos documentos, sin embargo el comunicado del pueblo Kofán evidencia una posición clara de limitar la práctica del yagé y la expedición de este tipo de certificados a los miembros de su comunidad.

Esta parece ser la aclaración de fondo que hace el gobernador del resguardo Kofán Ukumari Kankhe, Lorenzo Morales, quien en entrevista a “Ancestral seeds”[8] al referirse al comunicado, manifiesta que como el yagé es patrimonio cultural su manipulación por fuera del territorio se considera ilegal.

Por lo tanto, si bien es posible que las cartas de autorización sean autenticas, lo que queda de presente es que a partir de este momento las autoridades indígenas del pueblo Kofán han limitado sus competencias y han determinado que ningún Taita tiene la competencia para expedir certificaciones a personas externas a su comunidad. Si esta decisión lesiona o no los derechos del señor Alberto José Varela es algo que la justicia deberá definir.



[1]Dennis J McKenna, Clinical investigations of the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca: rationale and regulatory challenges, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Volume 102, Issue 2, May 2004, Pages 111-129, ISSN 0163-7258, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.03.002. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725804000464)

[2]Sentencia T- 920 de 2011,Corte Constitucional de Colombia, M.P. Jorge Ignacio Pretelt

[3]Sentencia C-882/11,Corte Constitucional de Colombia, M.P. Jorge Ignacio Pretelt

[4]Ibid, Dennis J McKenna.[5]http://www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CND/Int_Drug_Control_Conventions/Ebook/The_International_Drug_Control_Conventions_S.pdf

[6]http://www.maps.org/research-archive/ayahuasca/2005-SupremeCourt-UDV.pdf

[7] http://www.bialabate.net/news/legal-status-of-ayahuasca-yage-in-colombia-some-considerations-from-three-primary-sources

[8] https://soundcloud.com/user795868967/pueblo-cofan-denuncia-uso-indebido-del-yage

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